@article{oai:oacis.repo.nii.ac.jp:00002211,
 author = {Oda, Kentaro and Hashimoto, Hiroshi and Teruya, Kazuhisa and Dan, Shigeki and Hamasaki, Katsuyuki},
 journal = {水生動物, Aquatic Animals},
 month = {Jan},
 note = {The Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus is used as live bait in skipjack pole-and-line fisheries. Japanese anchovies are transported to fishing grounds by fishing boats on voyages that can take from 4 to 50 days. 
Because ammonia excreted by Japanese anchovies might affect their survival during transportation, fishers empirically attempt to maintain them in healthy condition by exchanging water aboard ship holding tanks at a rate of 160–500 % volume h−1. To develop protocols for more efficient and cost-effective transportation of Japanese anchovies, we evaluated their ammonia tolerance and effects of stocking density and variable water  exchange  on  their  survival. We  estimated  median  lethal  concentrations  (with  95  %  confidence intervals) of un-ionized ammonia nitrogen (UIAN), at which 50 % of Japanese anchovies had died within 24 h and 48 h, as 0.770 (0.751–0.790) mg l−1 and 0.706 (0.661–0.750) mg l−1 at 15 °C and 0.634 (0.466–0.802)  mg  l−1  and  0.450  (0.379–0.521)  mg  l−1  at  25  °C,  respectively. While  the  UIAN  concentration increased to lethal levels and severe fish mortality (dependent on stocking density) occurred at 25 °C with no water exchange, the UIAN concentration could be maintained within non-lethal levels at 25 °C and with a one-third water exchange every 12 h. Our results suggest that present-day empirically deduced water exchange rates applied aboard commercial vessels in holding tanks of Japanese anchovies could be reduced, implying a possible cost reduction for the skipjack pole-and-line fisheries},
 title = {Ammonia tolerance of Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus: Implications for cost reduction in a skipjack pole-and-line fishery},
 volume = {AA2021},
 year = {2021}
}